William Dampier

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William Dampier
(1652 – March, 1715)

William Dampier (1652 – March, 1715) was a English explorer, sea captain, and scientific observer.
He was the first Englishman to explore or map parts of New Holland (Australia) and New Guinea.
He circumnavigated the world three times.
Dampier was born at East Coker in Somerset and went to sea at the age of 16.
He fought at the Battle of Schooneveld in June 1673.
In 1674 he worked as a plantation manager on Jamaica, but he soon returned to the sea.
In the 1670s he crewed with buccaneers on the Spanish Main of Central America, twice visiting the Bay of Campeachy.
This led to his first circumnavigation: in 1679 he accompanied a raid across the Isthmus of Darién in Panama and captured Spanish ships on the Pacific coast of that isthmus; the pirates then raided Spanish settlements in Peru before returning to the Caribbean.
Dampier made his way to Virginia, where in 1683 he joined a privateer named Cook.
Cook entered the Pacific via Cape Horn and spent a year raiding Spanish possessions in Peru, the Galapagos Islands, and Mexico.
This expedition collected buccaneers and ships as it went along and at one time had a fleet of ten ships.
Cook died in Mexico and a new leader, Captain Davis, took command.
Dampier transferred to Captain Swan's ship, the Cygnet, and on 31 March 1686 they set out across the Pacific to raid the East Indies, calling at Guam and Mindanao.
Leaving Swan and 36 others behind, the rest of the pirates cruised to Manila, Pulo Condore, China, the Spice Islands, and New Holland (Australia).
Early in 1688 Cygnet was beached on the northwest coast of Australia, near King Sound.
While the ship was being careened Dampier made notes on the fauna and flora he found there.
Later that year, by agreement, he and two shipmates were marooned on one of the Nicobar Islands.
They built a small craft and sailed it to Acheen in Sumatra and after further adventures Dampier returned to England in 1691 via the Cape of Good Hope, penniless but in possession of his journals.
In 1699 Dampier was given the command of HMS Roebuck with a commission to explore Australia and New Guinea.
The expedition set out on 14 January 1699, and on July 1699 he reached Dirk Hartog Island at the mouth of Shark Bay in Western Australia.
In search of water he followed the coast northeast, reaching the Dampier Archipelago and then Roebuck Bay, but finding none he was forced to bear away north for Timor.
He then sailed east and on 1 January 1700 sighted New Guinea, which he passed to the north.
Sailing east, he traced the southeastern coasts of New Hanover, New Ireland and New Britain, discovering the Dampier Strait between these islands (now the Bismarck Islands) and New Guinea.

On the return voyage to England, Roebuck foundered near Ascension Island on 21 February 1701.
The crew were marooned there for five weeks before being picked up on 3 April by an East Indiaman and returned home in August 1701.
Although many papers were lost with the Roebuck, Dampier was able to save many new charts of coastlines, trade winds and currents in the seas around Australia and New Guinea.
On his return Dampier was court-martialled for cruelty.
On the outward voyage Dampier had crewman George Fisher removed from the ship and jailed in Brazil.
Fisher returned to England and complained about his treatment to the Admirality.
Dampier wrote an angry vindication of his conduct, but he was found guilty, docked his pay for the voyage, and dismissed from the Royal Navy.
The War of the Spanish Succession broke out in 1701 and English privateers were being readied to assist against French and Spanish interests.
Dampier was appointed commandeer of the 26 gun government ship St George, with a crew of 120 men.
They were joined by the 16-gun galleon Cinque Ports (63 men) and sailed on April 30, 1703.
En-route they unsuccessfully engaged a French ship but captured three small Spaniard ships and one vessel of 550 tons.
The expedition was most notable for the events surrounding Alexander Selkirk.
In October 1704 the Cinque Ports had stopped at the uninhabited Juan Fernandez islands off the coast of Chile to resupply.
Selkirk had grave concerns about the seaworthiness of Cinque Ports and after a disagreement with Dampier, he opted to remain on the island.
Selkirk was to remain marooned for four years and 4 months and his experiences were to become the inspiration for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
Selkirk's misgivings were fully justified: Cinque Ports did later sink with the loss of most of her crew.
Dampier returned to England in 1707 and in 1709 his A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland was published.
Dampier was engaged in 1708 by the privateer Woodes Rogers as sailing master on the Duke.
This voyage was more successful: Selkirk was rescued on 2 February 1709, and the expedition amassed nearly £200,000 of profit however Dampier
died in London in 1715 before he received his share.
He had an unusual degree of influence on figures better known than he:His observations and analysis of natural history helped Charles Darwin's and Alexander von Humboldt's development of their theories,
He made innovations in navigational technology that were studied by James Cook and Horatio Nelson.
Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, was inspired by accounts of real-life castaway Alexander Selkirk, a crew-member on Dampier's voyages.

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