Sir Joseph Banks was the English naturalist and botanist on Cook's first great voyage and some 75 species bear Banks' name.
He is credited with the introduction to the West of eucalyptus, acacia, mimosa, and the genus named after him, Banksia.
Born in London to the wealthy William and Sarah (Bates) Banks, Joseph Banks was at Eton with Constantine John Phipps.
He acquired a passion for botany while at Oxford University in the early 1760s; it was an exciting time for the field.
In the decades following the revolution sparked by Linnaeus, and after inheriting his father's fortune, Banks set himself up as a full-time botanist.
He soon established his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.
He was appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour, 1768 -1771.
This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery into that region.
This voyage went to Brazil and other parts of South America, Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the primary purpose of the mission), New Zealand, and finally to the east coast of Australia where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay near present-day Sydney and at Cooktown in Queensland, where they spent almost 7 weeks ashore while their ship was repaired after foundering on the Great Barrier Reef
|
.While here, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science.
While in Brazil, Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville).
Upon his return to England he was elected to be a fellow of the Royal Society and later served as their president from 1778-1820.
Before he left England, he had become a Freemason and is thus held to be the first Freemason known to have been in New Zealand and Australia.
It was the time in Australia which was to lead to Banks' second great passion,
however, the British colonization of that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales, as is hinted by its early colloquial name: Botany Bay.
The identification may have been even closer, as the name
"Banksia" was proposed for the region by Linnaeus. In the end, a genus of Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia.
Upon his return home he left the British Isles only once more, on a trip to Iceland.
The 1772 Iceland trip was taken on the Sir Lawrence along with the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander.
He was made a baronet in 1781, three years after being elected president of the Royal Society.
He died in London at the age of 77.
|
